{"id":212108,"date":"2023-10-17T06:36:52","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T06:36:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/?page_id=212108"},"modified":"2026-09-24T19:11:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T19:11:29","slug":"stronghold","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/et\/stronghold\/","title":{"rendered":"Stronghold"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Page Title Section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; background_color_gradient_direction=&#8221;115deg&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Depositphotos_137744404_xl-2015-scaled.jpg&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;100px||0px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; width=&#8221;50%&#8221; width_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; width_phone=&#8221;100%&#8221; width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; max_width=&#8221;960px&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|||0px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;27px|40px||10%&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;2%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;||6px|6px|&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#bdada0&#8243; use_custom_width=&#8221;on&#8221; custom_width_px=&#8221;960px&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|||10%&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; padding_tablet=&#8221;|||10%&#8221; padding_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Title&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;60px&#8221; header_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; header_font_size_tablet=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font_size_phone=&#8221;48px&#8221; header_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Stronghold (STR)<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||35px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Stronghold<\/strong> series covers states \u2013 both minor principalities, which only ruled a small territory, as well as broad empires \u2013 or state-like organisations (such as military-religious orders and chartered companies) along with their respective centres of power. The latter are covered both as the institutions which enabled the rise of such entities as well as the physical locations in which they based themselves. It gives us great pleasure to focus, i.e., to make them the principal subject of a title, on entities which may have previously only been covered as chapters or sections.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the textual content, each title includes numerous illustrations, graphics, and maps.<\/p>\n<p>The series aims to publish high quality titles. Our authors are subject-matter experts whose work is further proofed by the editors, including a scientific editor.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Titles&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Best Selling Books Section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;35px||50px||false|false&#8221; top_divider_color=&#8221;#f4f4f4&#8243; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjA0MCJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 1.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/sl_eng_front_cover.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Bishopric of Saare-L\u00e4\u00e4ne, 1227\u20131583&#8243; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Bishopric of Saare-L\u00e4\u00e4ne, 1227\u20131573<\/h3>\n<p>The Most Prosperous Territory.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjA4MCJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 2.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Tartu-EN-cover-web.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Bishopric of Tartu, 1224\u20131558&#8243; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Bishopric of Tartu, 1224\u20131558<\/h3>\n<p>The Most Powerful Territory.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjA5OCJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 3.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/STR-3-Cover-3-web_ENG.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;3 cover web&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Teutonic Order in the Diocese of Tartu, 1237\u20131561<\/h3>\n<p>The Heart of Livonia.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjMzMCJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 4.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Cover-4-web-v1_ENG.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Cover 4 web v1&#8243; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.2&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Knights of Christ of Prussia<\/h3>\n<p>A Forgotten 13th Century Military Order.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjQ0OSJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 5.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/str-5_front_Bishopric-of-Tallinn.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;str 5_front_Bishopric of Tallinn&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Bishopric of Tallinn, 1219\u20131565<\/h3>\n<p>Suffragan of Lund in Livonia.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjQ1OSJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 6.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/cover-VI-Danish-Estonia-v3.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cover VI Danish Estonia v3&#8243; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Danish Estonia, 1219\u20131346<\/h3>\n<p>A Royal Overseas Dominion.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 7.&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/STR-3-Cover-3-web_ENG.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;3 cover web&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.2&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Teutonic Order in the Diocese of Tartu, 1237\u20131561<\/h3>\n<p>The Heart of Livonia.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjUyMSJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 8.&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/str-8_front_Bishopric-of-Selonia.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;str 8_front_Bishopric of Selonia&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Bishopric of Selonia (Semgallia), 1218\u20131251<\/h3>\n<p>Lost Episcopate on the Shores of the Lielupe.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.7&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjU1NiJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 9.&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.7&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/str-9_front_Kingdom-of-Livonia.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;str 9_front_Kingdom of Livonia&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Kingdom of Livonia, 1570\u20131578<\/h3>\n<p>The Failed Attempt of Duke Magnus and the Livonians.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.7&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;link_option_url&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjczMiJ9fQ==@&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 10.&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Teutonic-Order-in-the-Kingdom-of-Hungary-web.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;str 10_front_Teutonic Order in the Kingdom of Hungary&#8221; url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjczMiJ9fQ==@&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.7&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;url&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Teutonic Order in the Kingdom of Hungary, 1211\u20131225 &amp; 1429\u20131435<\/h3>\n<p>At the Whim of St. Stephen&#8217;s Throne.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 11.&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/STR-3-Cover-3-web_ENG.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;3 cover web&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.2&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Teutonic Order in the Diocese of Tartu, 1237\u20131561<\/h3>\n<p>The Heart of Livonia.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;STR 12.&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h4&#8243; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/cover-Bishopric-of-Selonia.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Bishopric of Selonia (Semgallia), 1218\u20131251&#8243; url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxMjUyMSJ9fQ==@&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;url&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;slide&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;5%&#8221; animation_starting_opacity=&#8221;100%&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|6px|6px|6px|6px&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;35px&#8221; box_shadow_blur=&#8221;50px&#8221; box_shadow_spread=&#8221;-35px&#8221; box_shadow_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Nunito||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.8em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Abhaya Libre|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||15px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Bishopric of Selonia (Semgallia), 1218\u20131251<\/h3>\n<p>Lost Episcopate on the Shores of the Lielupe.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Print Order Info&#8221; module_id=&#8221;print-order-info&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.9&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>For print orders to <strong>Estonia<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>&#8211; All in-print Estonian editions are available for purchase at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apollo.ee\/et\/catalogsearch\/result?q=Eostre+Publications+\">Apollo<\/a>, Argo, <a href=\"https:\/\/rahvaraamat.ee\/et\/kirjastused\/eostre-publications-ou?id=762957\">Rahva Raamat<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/trykiviis.ee\/tootekategooria\/kirjastused\/eostre\/\">Tr\u00fckiviis<\/a>. The titles are also available for purchase locally at museum shops, such as SALM and SAMU.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>&#8211; All in-print English editions are available for purchase at <a href=\"https:\/\/trykiviis.ee\/tootekategooria\/kirjastused\/eostre-english\/\">Tr\u00fckiviis<\/a>. Additionally, English releases are generally available from Apollo, Raamatukoi, and Rahva Raamat. The titles are also available for purchase locally at museum shops, such as SALM and SAMU.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>For print orders to <strong>Latvia or Lithuania<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>&#8211; All in-print <a href=\"https:\/\/trykiviis.ee\/tootekategooria\/kirjastused\/eostre-english\/\">English<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/trykiviis.ee\/tootekategooria\/kirjastused\/eostre\/\">Estonian<\/a> editions can be purchased directly at Tr\u00fckiviis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>For print orders to <strong>other countries<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span>&#8211; Please email <\/span><a href=\"mailto:info@eostreprint.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>info@eostreprint.com<\/span><\/a><span> with your request and we will reply with a quote (inclusive of shipping). <\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stronghold (STR)The Stronghold series covers states \u2013 both minor principalities, which only ruled a small territory, as well as broad empires \u2013 or state-like organisations (such as military-religious orders and chartered companies) along with their respective centres of power. The latter are covered both as the institutions which enabled the rise of such entities as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-212108","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stronghold - Eostre Publications<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eostreprint.eu\/et\/stronghold\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stronghold - Eostre Publications\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stronghold (STR)The Stronghold series covers states \u2013 both minor principalities, which only ruled a small territory, as well as broad empires \u2013 or state-like organisations (such as military-religious orders and chartered companies) along with their respective centres of power. 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